indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to utter; to declare; to name; to call
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
while; during; while; although; all; both
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
oak (esp. Quercus serrata)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality