indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot