summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
battle formation; lineup (e.g. for a game)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
aloof; morose; stuck-up; smelling strongly of something; having a pungent smell
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
arm; skill; efforts; ability
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
to fish; to angle; to catch; to lure in; to tempt; to attract
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to stretch; to extend; to straighten out; to be flattened; to spread (of paint, cream, etc.); to stretch out (e.g. of a hand); to extend
on the occasion of; at the time of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
unconsciousness; unconscious; involuntary; the unconscious (psychoanalysis)
nerve; nerves; sensitivity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
concentration; focusing; convergence; within a collection of works
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
armpit; under one's arm; beside; close to; aside; to the side; off-track
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
seat at a table; place at a table
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
narrow; confined; small; limited; narrow-minded; confining
even a little; any at all; if only a little; no matter how little