indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
recommendation; referral; endorsement
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ebook; e-book; electronic book; digital book
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
chapter one; first chapter
judgement; judgment; expert opinion; appraisal
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
presumption; assumption; estimation
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
myself; yourself; I; me; you
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
really; truly; indeed; good grief
optical illusion; hallucination; misapprehension; delusion
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
for example; for instance; e.g.
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")