main text; original text; this book; this volume
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (of China; 9-23 CE)
tide; current; sea water; opportunity; chance
company; firm; (Shinto) shrine; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.; incorporated body
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
improvement (to a piece of writing or painting); revision; correction; touching up
edition; version; plate; block; counter for editions of a publication
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
(distant) future; future existence; world beyond the grave; future (tense)
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
rare; uncommon; new; novel; fine; nice
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
stars; the stars and planets; celestial bodies
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bury (e.g. in the ground); to fill up (e.g. audience fills a hall); to cause to be packed; to plug (a gap); to stop (a gap); to make up for (a loss, shortage, etc.); to make amends
but then; although; though; reasonable; natural; just
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
brightness; brilliance; brilliancy; radiance; glitter
than; in comparison to; rather than; over; above
double; twice (as much); times (as much); -fold; 1-nth; 1 to n
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence; power
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
main street; avenue; boulevard
to come and go; to go back and forth
people; men and women; each person; everybody
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
same; identical; equal; anyway; in any case; if one must ...
it was, wasn't it?; must have been; I think (it was); how might it have been?