indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
treachery; betrayal; perfidy
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thunderous roar; roaring sound
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
all; everything; entirety; absolutely (not); (not) at all; (none) whatsoever
mercilessly; relentlessly; unsparingly
intently; single-mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one's heart
one-sided; unilateral; arbitrary
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
of course; certainly; naturally
noisy; loud; boisterous; turbulent; unsettled; restless
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
battlefield; battleground
to surge; to well up; to gush out
shout of abuse; jeers; boos
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
weapons; arms; fighting with swords; sword fight
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
explosion; detonation; eruption; eruption (of discontent, etc.); outburst; outpouring
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
threat; intimidation; menace
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
long military service; having experienced many battles
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
those (near the second person)
to form a complete whole; to be joined together
to play an instrument (esp. string instruments); to dance
battle array; battle formation; battlefield
rather; better; instead; if anything