Emperor Kammu; Kammu Tenno (737-806 CE, reigning: 781-806 CE)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Man'yōshū (8th century anthology of Japanese poetry); (arch.) thousands of leaves; (arch.) thousands of years; (arch.) all ages
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave behind; to put off; to postpone
crowd of people; great number of people; in great numbers
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to board; to embark on; to get into (a car); to march into; to enter
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
birth; giving birth; creating; bringing into the world
(political) administration; political power
to compete; to contest; to quarrel; to argue; to deny (e.g. evidence)
France; French (language)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to cling to; to hang onto; to rely on; to depend on; to implore; to entreat
to paint (draw) a picture
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to compose (a Japanese poem); to write; to use as the theme of a poem; to recite (e.g. a poem); to chant; to intone
blade; sword; forged blade; wavy pattern on forged blades; sharpness; unhulled rice
to glitter; to glisten; to sparkle; to twinkle; to glare; to gleam
battle; fight; fighting; engagement; contest
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
no sooner than; as soon as; immediately after; at the thought of; when I think about
rebuilding; reconstruction; rehabilitation; protoform reconstruction
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
trade; business; trading; turnover; sales; takings
to work hard; to work diligently
study; scholarship; learning; discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
peace; tranquility; tranquillity; (arch.) happy-go-lucky
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
having enough of (food, drink, etc.); having one's fill; fully enjoying