indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to hold in one's arms (e.g. a baby); to embrace; to hug; to have (a thought or feeling); to hold; to harbour (suspicion, doubt, etc.)
recollection; reminiscence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to stare in wonder; to be amazed
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
alteration; falsification; faking
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
to decrease; to be reduced; to reduce; to lessen; to subtract; to deduct
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects