indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
long (time); protracted; prolonged
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
different (quality, nature); heterogeneous
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
while; during; while; although; all; both
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
easily (reach, exceed, etc.); comfortably; amply; fully; well over
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
fear; horror; anxiety; concern; uneasiness; reverence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
calamity; disaster; accident
(abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to lend an ear; to hearken; to give an ear to; to listen carefully