to be popular; to come into fashion; to be prevalent; to spread widely (e.g. disease); to flourish; to thrive
Western Europe; the West; the Occident; Europe
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
treaty of peace and amity; peace treaty
general; universal; ordinary; average; (arch.) the same; (arch.) no different
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
to stop by; to drop in for a short visit
foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
nonexistent; nil; none; nothing (at all); bugger-all
political measures; policy
to spill; to drop; to grumble; to complain; to let one's feelings show
the shogunate (administration)
white stone; white (go pieces)
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
difficult to understand; unintelligible; abstruse
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
to steam (food, towel, etc.); to be hot and humid; to be sultry
straight-laced person; stubborn person
bottle; jar; decanter; flagon; phial; vial
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe
formal; stiff; pompous; stern; solemn; grave
cattle (Bos taurus); cow; beef; Chinese "Ox" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
affable; amiable; sociable; agreeable
to smile broadly; to grin widely
listen!; you see; mind you; remember
unfairness; injustice; partiality
treaty; pact; convention; agreement
to press against; to push against; to force against; to foist on (task, responsibility); to impose (one's will)
to get tired; to become exhausted; to become worn out; to become battered (from long use); to get tired of (doing); to get fed up with
to air; to dry; to drain (off); to drink up; to deprive of a role, job, etc.
to sever; to cut off; to suppress; to eradicate; to abstain (from); to give up
fault; error; indiscretion; faux pas
to trace (drawing); to follow; to imitate; to copy; to reproduce
mainland; the country proper; native country; country where one was born; pure land; Buddha realm
to become brilliant; to become cheerful
to become animated; to liven up; to become active
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan