indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
vista; view; scene; counter for scenes (in a play)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
one's remaining years; the rest of one's life
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
myself; yourself; I; me; you
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
very young; little; childish; immature
while; during; performed in this condition
conviction; belief; confidence
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
of course; certainly; naturally
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
device; instrument; vessel; container; ability; capacity
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
junior high school student; middle school pupil
senior high school student
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.