illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
Deadheading (aeronautics)
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
neighbourhood; neighborhood; all sides; frontiers (of a country); four sides (of a shape)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
group; (free) radical; counter for installed or mounted objects (e.g. stone lanterns, gravestones, satellites)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to push out; to project; to stick out; to hand over (e.g. to the police)
before very long; soon; someday; of the previously mentioned; of that number; among them
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
to go into; to come into; to penetrate; to become complicated
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
companions; friends; comrades; mates; partners
capture (of enemy territory); taking (by storm); defeating (an opponent); attacking (a problem) strategically
war; battle; match; game; competition
participation; joining; entry; adherence
that is to say; so that means
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
going up and down; ascent and descent; climb and descent
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
memory; sense; experience
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
deep emotion; strong feelings
to grow hot (e.g. water); to boil; to get excited (at); to erupt (in applause, cheering, etc.); to ferment; to melt (of metal)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
preconception; preconceived notion; prejudice
all; everything; entirety; absolutely (not); (not) at all; (none) whatsoever