illustration appearing in the first pages of a publication; frontispiece
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
February; second month of the lunar calendar
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to peak (at a given time or given group); to approach the peak; to come to a peak
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; season; period; phase; stage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
central part; heart (of a city)
Japanese apricot (Prunus mume); Japanese plum; ume; lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
clothing; articles of clothing; apparel
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to deal with (a person); to treat; to deal with (a problem); to handle; to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to deal in
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
heart; mind; bottom of one's heart; core (of one's character); centre; center; heart (organ)
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
enterprise; business; company; corporation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
information technology; IT
system; lineage; corollary; system (range of strata that correspond to a particular time period); (taxonomical) series
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
company; corporation; workplace
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stand side by side; to stand in a row
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
group; bunch; crowd; group
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie