haughty; arrogant; insolent; proud; overbearing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
light; lamp; counter for electric lights
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
old-fashioned; archaic; antique; antiquated
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
to raise one's face; to lift one's head; to raise one's eyes
period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years); apprenticeship; indentureship; one-year period
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
origin; source; birthplace; release from prison; discharge from prison; exit
to ascertain; to check; to make sure
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (somebody)
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
similarly; same (idea); same (name)
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
cup (drinking vessel, measure, brassiere, prize, etc.)
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing