indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
thought; consideration; thinking
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
exchanging parts or equipment to effect a change in performance
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
clothes; garment; gown; robe; coating (e.g. glaze, batter, icing)
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
book; volume; this; present; main; head
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
large; large-sized; large-scale; big
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to