indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
company; group; class; troop; rank; file
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thought; consideration; thinking
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
motorcycle; motorbike; bicycle
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
second (unit of time); arc second
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
route; path; channel (e.g. sales, distribution)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance