indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
thought; consideration; thinking
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
house; one's house; one's home; one's family
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience