you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
two persons; two people; pair; couple
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to tighten; to press hard
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
than; from; out of; except; but; more
that day; the very same day
Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); yellow catalpa (Catalpa ovata); Japanese mallotus (Mallotus japonicus); printing block; catalpa bow; catalpa medium
river; stream; River; the ... river
part-time employer; place where one works part-time
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
being in charge (of an area of responsibility); being responsible (for a work role, etc.)
pupil; student; schoolchild