indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
academic year; school year; year in school; grade in school
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
negative personality; asocial type
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
stage; step; level; rank; order; stairs
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total
looks; personal appearance; features
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
grasp; catch; understanding
for convenience; as a matter of convenience
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
probability; likelihood; chances
won't; hasn't; isn't; won't you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
male instincts; male frivolity
to be noisy (e.g. from people talking); to be discomposed (e.g. feelings)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
H; h; indecent; lewd; (having) sex; nth year in the Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
loveable; very likeable; like very much