indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
subordinate; secondary; junior; incidental
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder