indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
element; chemical element; (classical) element (e.g. earth, water, air, fire); (arch.) origin; (arch.) source
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
aviation; flight; flying; to fly; to take a flight
heavy snowfall; white devil
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
setting (someone) to work; employment; using; causative (verb, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in the belly; in one's heart of hearts
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to be found; to be discovered
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into
reflective water surface; reflecting water
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext