indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
Japanese chimera; mythical creature with a monkey's head, tanuki's body, tiger's limbs, and a snake tail; White's thrush (Zoothera dauma); mysterious person; person of unknown character
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the Big Dipper (asterism); the Plough; the Plow
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
while; during; while; although; all; both
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
cosmic dual forces; yin and yang; sun and moon, etc.
principal of a private school
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
government service; the bureaucracy
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine