indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
society; the world; the times
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one color; one kind; one tendency; being the sole mood, sentiment, focus of attention, etc.
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
aloneness; loneliness; solitude
evasion; avoidance; recusal (of a judge)
counter for laps or circuits; perimeter; Zhou dynasty (of China; approx. 1046-256 BCE); Chou dynasty
alone; by oneself; on one's own
going out to shop; going shopping; buying in quantity; buying wholesale; bulk purchasing
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
although I say; although one might say; although called
already; previously; before; undeniably; unmistakably
to finish; to get through with; to graduate; to come to an end; to end; to finish doing ...
surroundings; environs; circumference
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
scenery; scene; landscape
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
changing completely; transformation
state (of affairs); situation; appearance; look(s); sign; indication
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
while; during; while; although; all; both
returning home; going home; coming home; getting home
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
night view; night skyline; nightscape
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
illumination; decorative lighting
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to decorate; to ornament; to display; to exhibit; to mark (e.g. the day with a victory); to adorn (e.g. the front page)
removal; taking away; dismantling (a building, facilities, etc.); withdrawal (of troops)
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
vivid; bright; brilliant; skillful; skilful; adroit
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
store; shop; establishment; restaurant