indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
book; volume; this; present; main; head
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
consequence; outcome; result; blame
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ballast; crushed stone, gravel, etc. used on a roadbed or railway track
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
clothes; garment; gown; robe; coating (e.g. glaze, batter, icing)
cannabis (Cannabis sativa); hemp (plant); hemp (fiber); linen; flax
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
life; living; I; me; student
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sphere; counter for balls
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
now; the present time; just now; another; more
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous