shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
to go through; to pierce; to run through (e.g. a river through a city); to pass through; to stick to (opinion, principles, etc.); to carry out
long-handled Chinese spear; lance; weapon; arms; grip of a bow; parade float decorated with long-handled Chinese spears
to defend against; to protect against; to prevent; to avert; to avoid
to line up; to set up; to enumerate; to itemize; to be equal (to); to compare well (with)
to declare; to speak out; to warn; to spit out (words)
to prick; to stab; to poke; to prod; to use (a cane); to prop oneself up with
whole; entirety; whatever (is the matter)
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
speech; expression; wording; language
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
river; stream; River; the ... river
to disdain; to look down on; to make light of; to hold in contempt; to scorn; to despise
to thrust before; to thrust at
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
hypothesis; supposition; assumption
to bend one's head slightly to one side; to look slightly doubtful
quibble; pointless argument
viewing as a problem; problematizing
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
to skip over (while reading); to skim
foot (of a mountain or hill); bottom; base
above all; especially; particularly; all the more
variety; kind; type; counter for kinds, species, etc.
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
bothersome; tiresome; bother to do
to do for (the sake of someone else)
directly; in person; firsthand
establishing; proving; ascertaining; identifying; confirming
to discuss; to talk about; to argue; to dispute; to take into consideration; to make an issue of
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
accumulation; accumulate; store
bookstore; bookshop; publisher; main building