prefix for forming ordinal numbers
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
decision; determination; resolution
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
study; research; investigation
ridge (of roof); back of a sword; counter for buildings, apartments, etc.
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
taking a seat; sitting down (in one's seat)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
to hold a child in one's arms; to embrace a child; to provide for a child (children)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
beginning and end; doing something from beginning to end; being unchanged from beginning to end; from beginning to end; the whole time
to look displeased; to frown; to scowl; to look grave; to look serious
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to get irritated; to get annoyed; to be on the edge; to fret; to lose patience
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
bright red; deep red; flushed (of face); downright (e.g. lie); complete; utter
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about