indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
needle; pin; hook; stinger; thorn; hand (e.g. clock, etc.); pointer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
twelve o'clock; noon; midnight
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to point; to nominate; to select someone; to identify; to indicate; to play (a game of shogi)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
really; truly; indeed; good grief
coincident with; while; simultaneously
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flaring up; burning hotly; flying into a rage; losing one's cool; opening suddenly and widely (e.g. eyes, mouth); (arch.) acting resolutely
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
chair; stool; post; office; position
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become less crowded; to thin out; to get empty; to be hungry
to stand up; to get up; to rise; to recover; to take action; to start; to make the initial charge
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
satisfaction; contentment; sufficient; satisfactory; satisfying (an equation)
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
to put into effect; to put into practice
to take in one's hand; to pick up; to obtain
softly; gently; stealthily; secretly; to leave alone; to leave as it is
myself; yourself; I; me; you
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
creak; squeak; creaking; discord; strife; friction
whole family; entire family; all over the house; throughout the house; retainer of a daimyo; feudal domain
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
stairs; stairway; staircase
careful; cautious; prudent; discreet; deliberate
and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time
quick; fast; rapid; swift; prompt; streamlined
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
barrier; checkpoint; gateway; hurdle; obstacle; trial