indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
few decades; many decades; several decades
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
prominent; leading; foremost; distinguished
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to ask after (someone's health); to visit; to attack; to strike; to meet with misfortune
person concerned; people involved (in an event); those concerned; staff
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
magician; wizard; sorcerer; witch
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fault; error; going poorly; being disadvantageous; un-; non-
open; public; official; overt
government body; government agency
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
another world (esp. in fiction); otherworld; parallel universe; different-dimension world; isekai
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
mostly; ordinarily; probably; most; almost all; ordinary
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
account of a dream; fantastic story; wild tale; empty dream
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
tradition; legend; folklore
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
marked; pronounced; showing a strong tendency (towards)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up