indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come near (to); to approach; to be on the verge of; to be about to reach (a stage, period, etc.); to overhang; to hang over
to vomit; to throw up; to emit; to send forth; to give (an opinion); to make (a comment)
breath; breathing; concord; harmony; steam (coming off hot food, tea, etc.); (water) vapor
white; blank (e.g. paper); uncolored; innocent; not guilty; (arch.) bright
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become indistinct; to become impure (of one's heart, a society, etc.); to be corrupted
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ascension (into heaven); the Ascension; death; rising to heaven
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
roadside trees; row of trees
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
tea; tea plant (Camellia sinensis); tea preparation; making tea; brown; (arch.) mockery
one color; one kind; one tendency; being the sole mood, sentiment, focus of attention, etc.
to be dyed; to be tainted; to be infected; to be stained
attendance (at school); going to school
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
(thick) scarf; muffler; muffler (for a vehicle exhaust); silencer
necessities; necessary article; requisite; essentials
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
to bear; to stand; to support; to withstand; to be fit for; to be equal to
while; during; while; although; all; both
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to add up to; to advance (in price)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
scene; spectacle; sight; view
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to worry about; to be anxious about; to be concerned about; to lament; to grieve; to mourn
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
no; nay; disagreement; objection; disapproval
absent-mindedly; idly; vacantly; doing nothing