indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
while; during; while; although; all; both
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
pupil; student; schoolchild
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...