chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
eighteenth day of the month; eighteen days
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
summer vacation; summer holiday
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
every year; yearly; annually
established practice; custom
consoling the spirits of the dead
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
upper grades of primary school (sixth, fifth, and sometimes fourth grades)
pupil; student; schoolchild
as much as one can; as much as possible; if at all possible
participation; joining; entry; adherence
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
please (give me); please (do for me)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
homeroom; form room; home run; human resources; heart rate; house of representatives
time; hour; period; class
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)