indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); to do over and over again; to do relentlessly; to stage a comeback (against) (in mahjong, horse racing, etc.); to come from behind
at the same time as; while; as well as (multiple roles)
knee; lap; knee and thigh (while sitting)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that manner; like that
breath; breathing; tone; mood
to inhale; to breathe in; to suck up; to absorb; to soak up
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
chair; stool; post; office; position
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to fall off; to tumble down
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
top and bottom; high and low; going up and down; rising and falling; going and coming back; upper and lower classes
aloof; morose; stuck-up; smelling strongly of something; having a pungent smell
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
reverberation; swelling (of a hymn); lingering memory; aftertaste; suggestiveness (of a book, poem, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...