elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
sixth year of elementary school; sixth year elementary school student
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
table of contents; contents
trunk; torso; plastron (in kendo); touching the plastron (kimari-te in kendo); frame (of a drum, etc.); sound box (of a shamisen, etc.)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
horseback riding; sitting astride; straddling
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to bash; to hit hard; to strike; to beat (someone in battle)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
armament; soldier's equipment
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sole (of a shoe); sole (fish)
to be worn down; to be reduced
to fling; to throw off (clothes); to kick off (boots)
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
coat; tunic; jacket; outer garment
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
lower back; waist; hips; body (of hair, noodle, paper, etc.); resilience; spring
black-dyed leather; leather dyed in deep indigo; edible mushroom in the Thelephoraceae family