cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to collect; to gather; to save; to accumulate; to pile up
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
unit; denomination; credit (in school); in units of (e.g. "in thousands"); in amounts of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
neglecting; leaving alone
to be in disorder; to lie scattered around
there is no way that ...; easy; simple
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
turning by hand; hand-turned; hand-cranked; preparations; arrangements
stone mortar; millstone; quern
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
completely; absolutely; (not) at all; (not) a bit; earnestly; intently
to be found; to be discovered
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
Lawrence; Laurence; Laurens
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to rise; to raise up; to straighten up; to sit up; to stand up
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle