indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
gun; cannon; artillery; ordnance
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
sickle; leading question; trick question; sickle-and-chain (weapon); spear with curved cross-blades; gooseneck tenon and mortise joint; (arch.) noisiness
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
river; stream; River; the ... river
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
arts and sciences; liberal arts
town; city; municipal; urban
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
on the sea; on the ocean; offshore
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
class (e.g. school); grade; rank; kyū; kyu; junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.
artificial island; man-made island
photography (still or motion); photographing; filming; shooting; (video) recording
a kind; a sort; of sorts; something of a; sort of; somewhat
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
remodelling; remodeling; reorganization; reorganisation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
acquisition of foreign currency