indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
favourable; favorable; doing well; OK; all right
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
volume number; reel number; number of volumes; number of reels; a set number of scrolls to be read by a Buddhist monk
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
sale; offering for sale; putting on sale; putting on the market; release (for sale)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
beginning; start; outset; at first; at the beginning; initially
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
honorific/polite/humble prefix
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
one's body; one's person; oneself; one's appearance; one's place (in society, etc.); one's position
to become tense; to be tightened; to become firm (e.g. body)
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pleased to meet you; how do you do; my regards (to someone); my greetings; best wishes
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis