here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
association; socializing; socialising; fellowship
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
delivery (of a package, goods, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
enjoyment; pleasure; amusement; anticipation; looking forward to; something to look forward to
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
don't you think?; indicates question
system; lineage; corollary; system (range of strata that correspond to a particular time period); (taxonomical) series; -type
author; writer; novelist; artist
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hobby; pastime; tastes; preference; liking
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
even a little; any at all; if only a little; no matter how little
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
altitude; height; elevation; high-degree; high-grade; advanced
ancient times; prehistoric times
to build; to construct; to erect; to build up (a reputation, position, fortune, etc.); to establish (a relationship, household, tradition, etc.); to lay (a foundation)
why; how; for what reason
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
modern civilization; modern civilisation
trace; vestige; mark; sign; evidence
unexpected; surprising; unanticipated; strange; unforeseen
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon