Darwin (Australia); Darwin (Charles)
base (military, expedition, etc.)
ago; since; before; previous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
war; fighting; fierce competition
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
substantial; real (as opposed to nominal)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
switching over to; migration; transition
by (means of); by doing; due to; via; through
private; non-governmental; non-official; folk; popular
closing; closure; shutdown; lockout
instead; but (on the other hand)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain; England
good offices; auspices; sponsorship; village official (during the Edo period)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
study; research; investigation
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
construction; establishment
generally; in general; widely; commonly; universally
(national) isolationism; isolation policy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
just because; even if; even though
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
exchange (e.g. cultural); interchange; interaction; alternating current; AC
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that...
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...