indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
dry riverbed; river beach
along (a river, coast, railway, etc.); on (e.g. a street)
row of cherry trees (lining a street)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
soft; tender; soft (colour, light, etc.); subdued; informal; light
to go flying along; to move fast (against the wind)
to become damp; to become moist; to become wet; to lack energy; to be in a slump; to be in low spirits
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
smell; scent; aura; whiff; faint, mist-like pattern along the temper line of a Japanese sword
to inhale; to breathe in; to suck up; to swallow up (in a crowd, whirlpool, the darkness, etc.); to suck in
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
cherry tree; cherry blossom; light pink; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to stick (to); to cling (to); to adhere (to); to stay (in a place); to stick close (to someone); to follow (someone) around
to bite; to chew; to gnaw; to fumble one's words (esp. during a play, broadcast, etc.); to falter with one's words; to crash against (e.g. of waves); to break onto (shore)
to tie; to fasten; to wear (necktie, belt); to put on; to total; to sum; to be strict with
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
slightly bitter (taste); bittersweet (memory, experience, etc.)
to make round; to roll up; to seduce; to cajole; to round off (a fraction); to shave (one's head)
armpit; under one's arm; beside; close to; aside; to the side; off-track
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
sunlight; rays of the Sun
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
soft (and fluffy) (e.g. bed, bread, baked potato); (arch.) absent-mindedly
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
(opening a door) with a clatter; noisily; (falling) with a clatter; with a crash; (changing) completely; totally
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out