indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
hello; good day; good afternoon
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
scene; spectacle; sight; view
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
breath; breathing; concord; harmony; steam (coming off hot food, tea, etc.); (water) vapor
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
with a sting; with a tingle; nervously; tensely; with a rip; with a ripping sound
atmosphere; mood; a certain air; presence; (Earth's) atmosphere
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
sorting; arrangement; liquidation; settlement; retrenchment; curtailment
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
shopping; purchased goods
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
bubble; foam; froth; suds; lather; head (on beer)
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of