indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
office (e.g. the Oval Office)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
chair; seat; stool; post; position; seat
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to yield oneself (to something); to devote oneself (to something); to surrender oneself (to something)
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
wonderful; splendid; magnificent; exceeding; incredible; remarkable
sitting feel (of a seat); seating comfort
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
brush tip; first on a list; head; chief
going in and out; entering and exiting; visiting regularly; frequenting; income and expenditure; incomings and outgoings; increase and decrease
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
return; reversion; comeback; carriage return
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow (i.e. bending of the body); bowing; reward
to give (as a gift); to present; to confer; to bestow; to award
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
simple; plain; modest; frugal; reserved
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
unbecoming; improper; unsuitable; ill-matched; unworthy of
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around (sexually; esp. of a male homosexual); having an active sex life
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
of course; certainly; naturally
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
work; labor; achievement; performance; salary; income
gift; boon; godsend; (good) result; fruit (e.g. of one's efforts)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
cooperation; collaboration; help; support
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
certain; sure; no doubt; reliable; dependable
hard to get; hard to come by
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides (with); supporting; standing by