indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
worn-out; ragged; crumbling; dry and crumbly; falling (in drops or clumps); scattering
to put on; to wear; to be clothed in; to be clad in; to be dressed in; to be wrapped in
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to recall; to remember; to recollect
exactly; just; right (when); just (as); just (about to); on the point of
emergency; extreme; great; extraordinary
proof; evidence; sign; witnessing; testifying; testimony
breast; chest; pit of the stomach; solar plexus; epigastrium
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
to turn (towards); to face; to head to; to go towards; to allot; to allocate
as if; as though; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest; really; completely
to pound (e.g. heart); to pulse (e.g. vein); to pulsate
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
blue; azure; green; pale (facial color); gray; unripe
to fix; to settle; to standardize; constant; definite; uniform
space; interval; space character; whitespace
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to shed light; to cast light
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about