indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at any rate; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
and yet; though; when; in spite of
womanizer; Lothario; Don Juan; philanderer; lady-killer
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
reality; actuality; practice (as opposed to theory); truly; really; bhutakoti (limit of reality)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
therefore; for that reason; such being the case
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
disgust; hate; repugnance; loathing
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to fight; to exchange blows
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)