indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
while; during; while; although; all; both
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
to grow cold; to get chilly; to cool down
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
yawn; yawning; kanji "yawning" radical (radical 76)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to inhale; to breathe in; to suck up; to swallow up (in a crowd, whirlpool, the darkness, etc.); to suck in
peculiarity; uniqueness; characteristic
feel (of something); touch; texture; feeling; impression
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to become clear (water, air, etc.); to become transparent; to resonate clearly (e.g. voice); to become serene; to become tranquil; to pronounce as an unvoiced sound
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
damp; moist; (slightly) wet; quiet; calm; peaceful
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
swing; shake; appearance; behaviour; pretence; pretense; (a customer) coming to restaurant, ryokan, etc. without a reservation or introduction
dear (old); fondly remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to pile up; to accumulate; to estimate
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that