indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to present; to dedicate; to obey; to follow; to proudly bear
seed stock; seed grain; foundation seed; pure breed; original strain; ancestor
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to kill (with a weapon); to slay; to defeat (an opponent); to beat
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
influence; effect; impact
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
surface; face (i.e. the visible side of an object); front (of a building, etc.); obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin; outside; exterior; appearance
society; public; community; social studies
underworld; underside of society
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to evaluate; to appraise; to comment on
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to hesitate to; to waver; to be hesitant about
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to wriggle; to squirm; to crawl like a worm
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to start to move; to get going; to come alive
foreign book; foreign books; non-Buddhist writings
ancient times; prehistoric times
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
leader; leaders; dotted line; reader (textbook); reader (i.e. a person who reads); microreader
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe