indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
child; boy; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
light novel; young-adult fiction novel, typically illustrated in a manga art style
almost; nearly; for the most part; roughly; approximately; about
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
(physical) form; shape; visage; (facial) features; form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); (resultant) state
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; period; class
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
being in charge (of an area of responsibility); being responsible (for a work role, etc.)
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
serious; not joking; straight; (arch.) cannot; (arch.) should not; (arch.) will not
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
shock (emotional); shock (physical); impact; crisis (esp. financial); event that rattles the markets; (circulatory) shock
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few