main text; original text; this book; this volume
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
details; particulars; longitude and latitude; warp and weft; warp and woof
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
new work; new production; new composition; new creation; new title
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
(in) the middle of; (in) the midst of; (in) the course of; (at) the height of
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
light novel; young-adult fiction novel, typically illustrated in a manga art style
layer; stratum; class; stratum; sheaf; counter for stories (of a building)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
notice; attention; observation
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
element; component; factor; element (e.g. in array); member (e.g. data structure)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
COVID-19 pandemic; coronavirus crisis; COVID-19 crisis
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the opposite sex; isomerism
meeting; rendezvous; meeting for the first time; coming across; confluence
to lessen; to decrease; to diminish
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
user; end-user; consumer; patron; customer; client
rapid increase; sharp rise; proliferation; surge; explosion
online dating app; match-making app
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to have an eye on; to zero in on
from the place (where); from the fact that ...; caused by the fact that ...; because
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
admission (to a society, club, etc.); joining; entrance; enrollment; enrolment; becoming a member
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to