indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
selfish; egoist; (arch.) self-indulgent; (arch.) wilful; (arch.) willful
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to grant (a wish); to accede; to comply with; to heed
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
no!; no no!; no, not at all
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a matter of course; what is to be expected; par for the course
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
shape; form; appearance; style; state; situation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
please (give me); please (do for me)
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
black; black stone; guilt; guilty person
party (social gathering); party (group of people participating in an activity, esp. mountain climbing); (political) party
temporary; provisional; interim; special; extraordinary; extra
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
of course; certainly; naturally
honorific; term of respect; polite expression; honorific language
unnecessary; not needed; not necessary
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
now; the present time; just now; another; more