when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Yamanashi (city, prefecture); wild nashi (Pyrus pyrifolia var. pyrifolia); wild Japanese pear
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
brothers and sisters; siblings; half-siblings; step-siblings; mate; friend
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
one day; (on) a certain day
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
fat; fatty; grand; magnificent; excellent
nth son; lang; official title in ancient China; (arch.) man; (arch.) young man; (arch.) my husband
nashi (esp. Pyrus pyrifolia); Japanese pear; Asian pear
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
mountain; hill; mine; (mountain) forest; heap; pile; protruding or high part of an object
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
old woman; joker (in old maid)
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
three (long cylindrical things); three-of-a-kind (in a dealt hand)
branch road; byroad; side street; digression
bamboo grass; generally smaller species of running bamboo that do not shed their sheaths (e.g. Sasa spp.)
to pass (of time); to elapse
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...