indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
novel; story; (work of) fiction
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
... years old; age (of) ...
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
to fit; to get into; to be fit for (a job, etc.); to be suited for; to fall into; to plunge into
to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); to do over and over again; to do relentlessly; to stage a comeback (against) (in mahjong, horse racing, etc.); to come from behind
company; corporation; firm; one's workplace
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
time; hour; period; class
excluding; except (for); apart from; outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
almost; nearly; hardly; barely; large majority; large proportion
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to spend; to expend; to waste; to squander; to devote
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
abandoned; out-of-use; obsolete; abolished; decommissioned
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
age thirty; one's thirties
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
bride; (one's) daughter-in-law; wife
(compulsory) retirement age; age limit; (compulsory) retirement (on reaching retirement age); mandatory retirement
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to subsist; to keep on living
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(time of) one's childhood; when one was a child
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
lifetime employment; permanent employment
seniority by length of service